Traditional Japanese GrammarThese notes originally came from my Japanese 325 class at Brigham Young University. 日本語325 NotesTraditional Grammar 国文法単語:付属語と自立語In the Japanese "vocabulary" there are two major divisions. There are phrases that can start a sentence, 自立語(じりつご), and those that can't, 付属語(ふぞくご). 自立語(じりつご)
活用形Below is a table that shows how to conjugate 用言 (動詞,形容詞 and 形容動詞). In the 動詞 column it gives the endings of what would be added to each verb in the given 活用形. I couldn't list the actual endings as that depends on what type of 動詞 it is (五段活用/下一段活用/上一段活用 /サ行変格活用(サ変)/カ行変格活用(カ変)). However for the 形容詞 and 形容動詞 it is the Stem + what is written in the table.
動詞There are 5 types of "verbs", 3 regular 五段活用(ごだんかつよう),下一段活用(しもいちだんかつよう) and 上一段活用(かみいちだんかつよう) and 2 irregular サ行変格活用(さぎょうへんかくかつよう) a.k.a. サ変(さへん) and カ行変格活用(かぎょうへんかくかつよう) a.k.a. カ変(かへん). Below is a table that shows how the different types of verbs conjugate. It may not be too clear but there will be more tables below this one with examples of each.
音便There are 4 types of 音便(おんびん). ソク音便, ハツ音便, イ音便 and ウ音便 「は」と「が」Anaphoric 「は」Definition: Anaphoric - referring back to or substituting for a preceding word or group of words Generic 「は」Contrastive 「は」"As for [something], [something] ..." 例:私は煙草を吸いません。([Though you might,] as for me, I don't smoke cigarettes.) 例:日本語をしゃべることが減った。 Neutral Description 「が」Used often in introducing subjects that aren't generically or commonly known to all parties in the conversation. Exhaustive Listing 「が」Object Marking 「が」「を」「に」「と」「で」「を」Focuses on the process more then the end. In the following example the jeep must climb the whole mountain to get to the top. 例:ジープで山を上った。 「に」Focuses on the goal. In the following example the helicopter goes straight to the top of the mountain and totally skips all of the mountain between. 例:ヘリーコプタで山に上った。 「と」「で」"By means of ..." 「から」「ので」「なら」「ば」「と」「たら」HonorificsPunctuation Rules | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
